你以为“全民运动”是现代概念？翻开史料与古画，你会看见一场穿越千年的盛况——从宫廷到市井，从仕女到孩童，人人皆执杖，处处有球场。这就是被称为“中国古代高尔夫”的捶丸。
Think “sports for all” is a modern idea? Historical records and ancient paintings reveal a spectacle spanning millennia—from palaces to marketplaces, from ladies to kids, everyone wielded a club and played on courses everywhere. This is Chuiwan, often dubbed “ancient Chinese golf.
《丸经》作为历史上捶丸的”权威说明书“，详细记载了与捶丸相关的各种内容。《丸经·序》中说到“至宋徽宗、金章宗皆爱捶丸”，明代记录明宣宗春日宫廷娱乐活动的画作中也描绘了明宣宗捶丸的场景。由此可见，捶丸深受皇帝及宫廷贵族的喜爱。对这一阶层而言，捶丸并非竞赛，而是一种讲究风度、节制与社交礼仪的雅事，常与吟诗、音乐、宴饮等活动并行出现。
The “Wan Jing” is known as the ultimate guide to the ancient game of Chuiwan, offering detailed insights into every aspect of the sport. In its preface, it notes that even Song Huizong and Jin Zhangzong were fond of Chuiwan. Further evidence of its popularity among the imperial elite can be seen in a Ming dynasty painting depicting Emperor Xuanzong engaging in Chuiwan during a springtime court entertainment. For the emperors and nobles, Chuiwan wasn’t just a competition but a sophisticated activity emphasizing elegance, restraint, and social etiquette, often accompanied by poetry, music, and banquets.
【明】商喜 《宣宗行乐图》局部 北京故宫博物院藏
[Ming Dynasty] Shang Xi
Partial of "Illustration of Emperor Xuanzong's Entertainment"
Collected by the Palace Museum
【元】《捶丸图》 山西广胜寺壁画
[Yuan Dynasty] "Chuiwan Painting"
Murals of Guangsheng Temple in Shanxi Province
动图来自新华社
GIF courtesy of Xinhua News Agency.
受过教育的士人、读书人同样是捶丸的重要参与者，在他们看来捶丸有助于：养成专注与定力、调和身心、体现从容与分寸感。捶丸多在园林、寺庙空地或庭院中进行，而非专门的竞技场。这也是捶丸后来与园林文化、文人生活紧密相连的重要原因。捶丸甚至成为文人墨客的一种社交手段。
Educated scholars and literati were also key participants in Chuiwan, viewing it as beneficial for developing focus and composure, balancing body and mind, and demonstrating grace and precision. The game was typically played in gardens, temple grounds, or courtyards rather than dedicated sports arenas, linking it closely with garden culture and the lifestyle of intellectuals. Chuiwan even evolved into a social activity among poets and scholars, fostering connections and cultural exchange.
【明】《秋宴图》局部 香港文化博物馆展览
描绘了明代官员崔铣外放，朋友为其饯行，众人在庭院之中弈棋、捶丸、饮酒作乐的场景。
[Ming Dynasty] Partial of “Autumn Banquet”
showcased at the Hong Kong Heritage Museum
Captures a farewell gathering for the official Cui Xian. Friends enjoy a day of chess, Chuiwan, and revelry in a courtyard setting.
唐代马球被列为军事训练科目，而捶丸是将帅在升平无战事时的娱乐，可以健身、怡情、收其放心，相较马球偏竞技与权力象征，捶丸显得更内敛和平和。
In the Tang Dynasty, polo was more than just a game; it was a military training exercise symbolizing power and competition. On the other hand, Chuiwan, a precursor to modern golf, served as a more subtle and peaceful pastime for leaders during times of peace, promoting fitness and relaxation.
唐章怀太子墓壁画《马球图》
The mural "Horseball Scene"
from the tomb of Emperor Tang Zhanghuai
唐代社会风气较为开放，女性在休闲与社交活动中拥有更大空间，女性开始大量参与捶丸运动中。明代著名画家杜堇绘制的《仕女图》充分反映出了明代宫廷女子进行捶丸活动的场景。这都充分体现了捶丸的性别包容性。
In the open-minded society of the Tang Dynasty, women enjoyed greater freedom in leisure and social activities, leading to their active participation in Chuiwan. This sport’s gender inclusivity is vividly captured in Ming Dynasty painter Du Jin’s “Ladies Playing Chuiwan,” illustrating court women engaged in the game.
【明】《仕女图卷》局部
[Ming Dynasty] Partial of "Portrait of Court Ladies"
除了女性，儿童确实是捶丸运动中非常重要且具有代表性的参与群体。故宫博物院所藏的宋代画作《蕉荫击球图》中，描绘了两个孩童在庭院中击球的画面。捶丸因其安全性、趣味性、教育性以及灵活的参与形式，成为了古代中国少数几种特别适合儿童参与的优雅运动之一。
Children were significant participants in the game of Chuiwan. The Song Dynasty painting “Playing Ball under a Plantain Tree,” housed at the Palace Museum, vividly depicts two children playing in a courtyard. Thanks to its safety, fun, educational value, and flexible play style, Chuiwan was one of the few elegant sports in ancient China that was particularly suitable for children.
【宋】《蕉荫击球图》现藏于北京故宫博物院
[Song Dynasty] “Playing Ball in the Shade of Banana Trees”Collected by the Palace Museum, Beijing
【宋】童子捶丸石刻画 泰安市博物馆藏
[Song Dynasty]
The stone carving of the child playing Chuiwan
Collected by Taian City Museum
【宋】捶丸图瓷枕（陈万里《陶枕》著录）
[Song Dynasty]
A porcelain pillow depicting the game of Chuiwan
(recorded in Chen Wanli's "Porcelain Pillows")
捶丸并非以胜负为目的的竞技运动，而是一项跨越阶层、融入生活的休闲活动。它被贵族、士人、平民乃至女性共同参与，体现了唐代社会的开放气质、城市活力，以及对生活情趣与身心平衡的重视。
Chuiwan wasn’t driven by competition or victory; it was a leisurely activity that transcended social classes and became part of daily life. Nobles, scholars, commoners, and women all took part, reflecting the Tang Dynasty’s open spirit, urban vitality, and appreciation for life’s pleasures and personal well-being.
这一历史事实有力支持了六悦·捶丸的核心理念：捶丸并非“精英化的高尔夫”，而是一项亲民、包容、重体验的文化活动，它适合出现在园林、寺庙、城市与日常生活空间之中。这正是六悦博物馆所希望呈现的中国传统生活美学。
This historical insight strongly supports the core philosophy of Six Arts Museum’s Chuiwan exhibit: Chuiwan is not “elite golf,” but rather an inclusive, experiential cultural activity accessible to all. Its place in gardens, temples, urban, and daily spaces reflects the traditional Chinese lifestyle aesthetics that the museum aims to showcase.
资料参考：
《中国古代陶瓷捶丸》科学出版社
《捶丸——中国古代的高尔夫球》上海古籍出版社
For more insights, check out “Ancient Chinese Ceramic Chuiwan” by Science Press and “Chuiwan: Ancient Chinese Golf” by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing.
部分图片来源于网络，仅供参考。
Some images sourced from the internet are for reference only.