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“ 凡有孝子顺孙,贞女义妇,让财救患,及学士为民法式者,皆扁表其门,以兴善行。”
---《后汉书·百官志五》
南宋, 公元445年出版
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匾额
匾额,就是为建筑物定立名目。
自春秋战国以来,一切亭台楼阁,水榭花园,厅堂书斋都少不得它---或歌功颂德、或写景抒情、或旌表贺寿。唐代末期取消里坊制度,百姓可以临街开店,纷纷挂出本家招牌商号招揽生意,匾额再不只是装饰这么简单了。
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古时万般皆下品惟有读书高,即使腰缠万贯富甲一方,亦渴求一片“功名匾”,光耀门楣。若能得皇上赏赐御笔亲题的牌匾,如当年康熙为曹雪芹的曾祖母孙氏题写“萱瑞堂”,就更是尊贵荣耀至极。
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前人制作牌匾通常以百年老旧房梁或门扇合拼而成,因木性稳定,不易开裂变形。多取上好杉木,讲究的选用金丝楠木、黄花梨或紫檀等高级木料。然后便“做底”: 上灰、填缝、刮平、打磨。匾额表面处理平滑,工匠就可以将写于宣纸上的匾式复写上去,称为“放样”。
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接着是雕刻, 匾文刻法有中凹阴刻字、中凸阳刻字和透雕。而独特的剔光、修圆技法,能让牌匾上的字无论阴阳刻,远看都有立体效果。边框样式则可繁可间:雕花边、饰金边,以及线条清雅的包边。雕刻的图案多为寓意长寿福禄、吉祥喜庆的人物花卉、珍禽瑞兽和八宝纹、回形纹、连云纹等各式流丽的纹饰。
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匾额寥寥数字,字体或篆、隶、行、草,颜色或黑底金字,或金底黑字,或白底绿字,却意味深远,不但集字、印、雕、色之大成,还反映着一家一族,一间商号甚至一个皇朝的兴衰起伏。
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