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转丨说新科秀才的入泮仪式

Ancient Plaques丨Xiu Cai Scholars Entrance Ceremony

· Ancient Arts,传统艺术

本文是六悦博物馆匾额文史探源系列文章之一,本次转载的文章为

六悦博物馆匾额文史探源:说新科秀才的入泮仪式

 

清代府学、州学、县学,额定生员数量十分有限。据研究人员统计,考中秀才者只有读书士子的百分之一。“泮水锺英”匾,泮水,就是学宫;锺英,集中英才;泮宫的确汇聚了那时士子中的佼佼者。

 

入泮,成为县学生员,入泮也称入学、采芹、入黉等,县学庠生,属于恩科,就是朝廷遇到喜庆,特别增加的一次考试,时称恩科,庠生就是生员,俗称秀才、茂才、博士弟子员等。

 

本文阐述了入泮礼基本流程, 入泮礼根据《礼记》和《弟子规》而来。近年来,好多地方举办学童入泮礼,苏州文庙和杭州万松书院举办过好多次。

 

在此感谢李海珉老师的研究编写,章治平老师的照片拍摄以及徐薇老师的推文编辑。很抱歉以下文字仅展示中文。

 

This article is one of the series of articles on the origin of inscriptions on plaques in the Six Arts Museum. The article being reposted this time is titled "Exploring the Ceremony of Newly Appointed “Xiu Cai” Scholars Entering Panyuan."

 

During the Qing Dynasty, the number of students enrolled in the prefectural, provincial, and county schools was very limited. According to research, only one percent of the “Xiu Cai” scholars who passed the examination became eligible to study further. The plaque "Panshui Zhongying" refers to the academy (Panshui) that gathered talented scholars (Zhongying). Panshui Academy indeed attracted the cream of the crop among “Xiu Cai” scholars at that time.

 

Entering Panyuan refers to becoming a county college student. It is also known as admission, taking the examination, or entering the school. County school students belonged to the Enke, which was a special examination added by the imperial court during festive occasions. The Enke examination was specifically for students, commonly known as scholars, talented individuals, or doctoral disciples.

 

This article explains the basic process of the entrance ceremony into Panyuan, which is based on the "Book of Rites" and the "Rules for Students." In recent years, many places have held entrance ceremonies for schoolchildren, and Suzhou Confucian Temple and Hangzhou Wansong Academy have organized them multiple times.

 

We would like to express our gratitude to Mr. Li Haimin for his research and writing, Mr. Zhang Zhiping for the photography, and Ms. Xu Wei for the post editing. We apologize that the following post is written only in Chinese.

六悦博物馆匾额文史探源:说新科秀才的入泮仪式

清代府学、州学、县学,额定生员一般只40名、30名、20名,后来适当增加一点名额,生员数量仍旧十分有限。据研究人员统计,考中秀才者只有读书士子的百分之一。泮宫的确汇聚了那时士子中的佼佼者,这里有一方“泮水锺英”匾,泮水,就是学宫;锺英,集中英才,应该说毫不夸张,恰如其分的。

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(泮水锺英)

古代考中生员,学官的门斗会向中式者送来一份捷报。《儒林外史》第17回《匡秀才重游旧地》,门斗给匡迥送来一份捷报,在正屋内张挂出来:“捷报贵府相公匡讳迥,蒙提学御史学道大老爷取中乐清县第一名入泮联科及第 本学公报”。浙江省温州乐清县匡迥考中县案首,正式入泮成为乐清县学生员。这种捷报是怎么个样式呢,一位网友给守望庐主传来一纸入泮捷报,文字分行记录如下:

捷报 学报 卜三元

贵府少爷翁大铨 奉

钦命工部左侍郎江苏督学部院 唐

科试取中上庠恩广第二名入泮

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(捷报)

这张捷报不是县学教谕发出,而是由江苏督学部院,一位姓唐的学政颁发的。看来这位唐学政,对翁大铨较为赏识,取为第二名,仅次于院案首,寄予很大希望。捷报横宽59厘米,纵高120厘米,正体楷书浓墨大字再加淡墨小字,制成轴子,方便张挂。

入泮,成为县学生员,入泮也称入学、采芹、入黉等,翁大铨“取中上庠恩广第二名”,县学庠生,属于恩科,就是朝廷遇到喜庆,特别增加的一次考试,时称恩科,庠生就是生员,俗称秀才、茂才、博士弟子员等。

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(苏州泮宫清代老照片)

入泮自有一定的礼仪,相当隆重。《礼记·王制》记载:换上学服,入泮池、跨壁桥,然后上大成殿,拜孔子,行入学礼。为什么称为入泮呢?早在周朝,诸侯的学校前挖有一个半圆形的池水,专名泮水,因此学校称泮宫。后世学宫沿袭这一形制。明、清两朝的府、州、县新进生员必须进入学宫行拜谒孔子等礼节,入泮也称游泮。

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(苏州府学所立泮池石刻正面)

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(苏州府学所立泮池石刻反面)

入泮礼基本流程如下:

第一个环节“正衣冠”。古人认为学生应当:“先正衣冠,后明事理。”新科生员,戴角巾,穿襕衫,整饬衣冠。古人认为一个人的穿戴,是礼仪最基本的要求。《礼记》有云:“礼义之始,在于正容体,齐颜色,顺辞令。”

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(灵星门)

第二环节,排队集合到学堂前恭立听令,由先生带领,进入灵星门,跨过泮池石桥。自宋至清,各府州县的学宫大多庙学合一,或左庙右学,或前庙后学。学宫前仿照曲阜孔庙前泮水形制,挖一个半圆形的水池,名叫泮水,上建石桥,后世成为庙学定制。所以生员的入学,又称为“入泮”。多数县学,泮水是一座石桥,有的府学,建有三座石桥。建造一座的,往往叫做登鳌桥,寓有考中状元而“独占鳌头”的意思;三座的,中间一座叫做状元桥,左边的榜眼桥,右边的探花桥,都是讨口彩,当然也有激励意思在。

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(苏州孔庙泮桥)

第三环节,进入大成殿,行拜师礼,先拜孔子,双膝跪地,三跪九叩;起而面对先生,再拜行礼。这三跪九叩,再拜行礼,庄重严肃,刻印在学生心底,留下异常深远的影响。有的新科秀才在拜先生的同时,如同孩提时一样向先生赠送六礼。六礼包括:芹菜,寓意为勤奋好学;莲子,寓意苦心教育;红豆,红运高照;枣子,早日高中;桂圆,功德圆满;最后奉上十条干肉。

第四个环节,净手。学生伸手入水盆,正反各洗一次,认真擦干。寓意在于净手净心,去除杂念,在日后的学习时心无旁骛。

第五环节,填写“亲供”,这是新生入学登记表,填上年龄、籍贯。那时没有照片,还须写明身高、面色、有须或无须等,老师统一整理后存档并且上报。

入泮礼根据《礼记》和《弟子规》而来。学生经过如此隆重而严肃的仪式,正式成为孔门弟子,正如老前辈说的“入泮宫,出府学,上青云路。”从此踏上了“路漫漫其修远”的求学干禄之路。

入学满60周年的生员,有“重游泮水”的庆典,被邀请参加当届新科秀才入泮仪式,既有身份又享高寿,无上荣耀。将另文记叙。

近年来,好多地方举办学童入泮礼,苏州文庙和杭州万松书院举办过好多次。孩子们身着汉服,礼拜孔子,重现古代学童入学的传统礼仪,汲取尊师爱学的品行美德。不过,应该指出的是,明清两代的入泮礼,参加的是秀才,大多20来岁,甚至四五十岁的成年人,当前则是刚入学的儿童。

黎里守望庐主

李海珉老师简介

 

李海珉,字龙石,笔名李展、南雁、守望庐主,1947年生于吴江黎里。

 

当了20多年中学教师,1994年调入柳亚子纪念馆,后任馆长兼黎里文保所长,被评为副研究员,中国南社研究中心聘为研究员。

 

主攻江南古镇、南社文化和书画文物研究,也撰写散文随笔。

 

2007年9月退休,2011年黎里古镇保护开发管理委员会聘为顾问,兼柳亚子纪念馆、黎里旅游公司顾问。

 

出版《柳亚子》、《古镇黎里》、《奇珍揽胜》、《吴江南社》、《白蕉手迹鉴赏》、《南社书坛点将录》等专著、编著20多本,约600万字。

 

Lee Haimin Profile

 

Lee Haimin. Pen name: Lee Zhan, Southern Goose, the Hovel Watcher. Mr. Lee was born in Lili Ancient Town in 1947.

 

Mr Lee was a teacher for more than 20 years, and he began work in Liu Yazi Memorial Museum in 1994. A few years later, he became the curator and the director of the Institute of Cultural Relics Protection in Lili Ancient Town, and was appointed as an associate researcher. He is also employed as a researcher by the Nanshe Research Center.

 

Mr. Lee specializes in ancient towns South of the Changjiang River, the culture of Nanshe, painting and calligraphy, and he is also a prose writer.

 

He retired in September 2007. In 2011, he was hired by the Lili Ancient Town Protection and Development Management Committee as a consultant, and he is also a consultant for Liu Yazi Memorial Museum and Lili Tourism Company.

 

Mr. Lee has published more than 20 books with about 6 million words, such as Liu Yazi, Ancient Town Lili, Treasure Are in Sight, Nan She of Wujiang, Appreciation of White Banana Script, and Nanshe Member Review.