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以“极婺腾辉”匾说明通进士

A Second Chance to become an official

· Ancient Arts,传统艺术

本次转载的文章为

黎里六悦博物馆匾额文史探源:以“极婺腾辉”匾说明通进士

 

黎里六悦博物馆匾额馆内,有一方“极婺腾辉”横匾,此匾的上款有“明通进士”四字,是题写匾文者的科举出身

 

雍正五年,皇帝决定设立明通榜,恩准会试落选举人挑选文理明通者,正榜外另出副榜,称为“明通榜”,榜上有名者称“明通进士”。明通榜至乾隆五十五年后停止。

 

在此感谢李海珉老师的研究编写,章治平老师的照片拍摄以及徐薇老师的推文编辑。很抱歉以下文字仅展示中文。

 

This reposted article is one in a series of articles which explain the meaning of ancient plaques in the Six Arts Museum.

 

There is a plaque in the museum with the inscription, “Ji Wu Teng Hui,” which loosely translated means to be the most successful in one’s official career.

 

The inscription on this plaque also bears the four characters "Mingtong Jinshi", indicating the imperial examination background of the person who wrote the plaque.

 

In the fifth year of Yongzheng, Qing Dynasty, in light of the extremely limited number of successful imperial examination scholars, the emperor set up an additional list, the “Ming Tong” List, from which knowledgeable and competent scholars who had failed under the imperial examination system to become a Jinshi scholar, but whom had succeeded in their metropolitan examinations, could be selected by the En Zhun Association to become

Ming Tong Jinshi.

 

The Ming Tong List system lasted until the 55th year of the reign of emperor Qianlong, Qing Dynasty.

 

Thanks to writer Lee Haimin, photographer Zhang Zhiping, and post editor Xu Wei. We apologize that the following post is written only in Chinese.

黎里六悦博物馆匾额文史探源:

以“极婺腾辉”匾说明通进士

黎里六悦博物馆匾额馆内,有一方“极婺腾辉”横匾,四字榜书不难理解,不过此匾的上款有“明通进士”四字,时常有游客发问:明通进士是怎么回事,与进士有什么区别?导游回答不了。为此,守望庐主查阅资料,经过思考,终于弄清楚科举路上曾经出现过的“明通榜”及其“明通进士”。请看六悦博物馆这块横匾:

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( 极婺腾辉)

上款:明通进士

例授文林郞国史馆校录议叙分省补用

县正堂大挑儒学正堂愚弟萧廷彬口口口口为

榜书:极婺腾辉

下款:例授登仕郞焕南尊兄先生暨德配

例授孺人尊兄嫂刘孺人荣晋週甲同庆立

光绪二十七年岁次辛丑冬月谷旦

匾文“极婺腾辉”,极,南极老人星,这里指男寿星;婺,二十八宿北方玄武七宿第三宿婺女星,古代指代出嫁妇女,这里指女寿星。此匾祝贺登仕郞(正九品)焕南和夫人刘孺人同庆六十大寿。

题写匾文的萧廷彬在上款中为自己罗列好几种身份:

“例授文林郞”,按照旧例授予文林郞,文林郞清朝为正七品散官,不是实职。“国史馆校录”,才是萧廷彬的实职,国史馆是清代负责篡修本朝历史的专门机构,康熙二十九年(1690)正式设立,宣统三年(1911)由北洋政府接管。二百多年间,先后纂修清代各朝纪、志、传、表及《大清一统志》、《皇清奏议》等史籍数十种;校录,从七品。

“议叙分省补用县正堂”,清朝政府考核官吏,对成绩优良者给以议叙,有所奖励。接下来准备分配去外省候补知县。当时知县往往满额,授官不知猴年马月,教职位置相对来说容易安排。于是参加吏部“大挑”(参见拙文《六悦博物馆匾额文史探源:以“慈竹垂青”等匾落款说“大挑”》),实授“儒学正堂”,即县学教谕,一个七品散官,高品低职,实任正八品的教职。

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(明通进士)

上款的头条是“明通进士”四字,这是萧廷彬的科举出身,单独成行,位置醒目。查《辞海》“明通榜”:“清雍正乾隆间,在会试落卷内选文理明通的举人补授出缺的学官,因于正榜外续出一榜,名为明通榜。乾隆五十五年后停止。”

《辞海》比较简略,其实明通榜的设立,自有历史渊源。有清一代,教育发展水平颇不均衡,边远省份士子科考录取率极低,有些省份几十年都没有出过进士。雍正五年,皇帝考虑到边远地区文化落后,能够考中举人,已属不易,参加会试,路途遥远,又历尽艰辛。决定设立明通榜,恩准会试落选举人挑选文理明通者,正榜外另出副榜,称为“明通榜”,榜上有名者称“明通进士”。雍正十一年,再次下令,对云南、贵州、广东、广西、四川、福建六省会试落卷内,搜寻遗才,文理可通者,列入明通榜。明通进士,大抵返回原籍,授以学正、教谕及训导等教职。广东大埔县百侯镇有个杨煌,举人屡试不中,直到54岁才考得举人,60岁参加会试不第,多亏乾隆为广东等地设立明通榜,选杨煌为明通进士,分发广东罗定州学正。还有福建古田县平湖的蓝孙璿,此人属于少数民族,据《古田县志》载:“雍正七年(1729),古田县平湖富达村蓝孙璿考中举人,为闽东第一位畲族举人。乾隆丁巳會試中式明通進士第一名。”守望庐主进一步搜寻资料,后得友人帮助抄录了古田富达蓝公府一方匾额:

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(广东新丰沙田镇民居保留“明通进士”匾)

上款:巡撫福建等處地方提督軍務

都察院右都御史盧焯 為

榜书:進 士

下款:乾隆丁巳會試中式明通進士第一名藍孫璿立

上面的匾文题为“进士”,落款中明确福建巡抚盧焯为“乾隆丁巳會試中式明通進士第一名藍孫璿立”,乾隆丁巳,是乾隆二年(1737),藍孫璿列为明通榜第一名。

明通榜,朝廷意在照顾两广与福建等边远省份,后来推行至全国各个行省,明通榜与正榜一起公示。此后,明通榜录取人数逐渐增多,甚至超过会试正榜。乾隆七年(1742),正榜录取一百一十九名,明通榜多达六百九十名。明通进士除了任为教职,也有担任内阁中书,负责撰拟、记载、翻译、缮写等职。

其实明通榜,由明代会试副榜演变而来。清代的阮葵生,乾隆二十六年明通进士出身,所作《茶馀客话》有记:“乡会试之有副榜,考之前代,名曰激赏,按礼部志稿,明嘉靖五年,题准会试各房阅卷,凡文字合式,除正卷外,将荐卷每房少或五七卷,多则十余卷,批详次序,一并付礼部,查姓名,填入副榜。”阮葵生认为会试副榜始于明嘉靖五年(1526),就是明通榜的前身。近有研究人员认为,会试副榜更早,始于明永乐七年(1409)。乾隆五十五年后,停止录取明通榜,不过副榜仍然存在。换句话说,雍正、乾隆年间,会试副榜专称明通榜,尽管副榜、明通榜略有不同,二者实际性质基本相同。

据史料记载,乾隆宣布明通榜停止之后,实际上明通榜仍旧存在,只是不以明通称之而已。请看,本文开头引录的那方“极婺腾辉”匾,上款“光绪二十七年岁次辛丑冬月谷旦”。光绪二十七年(1901),科举制度寿终正寝前夕,会试仍有副榜进士,萧廷彬照旧称自己为“明通进士”。

黎里守望庐主

李海珉老师简介

 

李海珉,字龙石,笔名李展、南雁、守望庐主,1947年生于吴江黎里。

 

当了20多年中学教师,1994年调入柳亚子纪念馆,后任馆长兼黎里文保所长,被评为副研究员,中国南社研究中心聘为研究员。

 

主攻江南古镇、南社文化和书画文物研究,也撰写散文随笔。

 

2007年9月退休,2011年黎里古镇保护开发管理委员会聘为顾问,兼柳亚子纪念馆、黎里旅游公司顾问。

 

出版《柳亚子》、《古镇黎里》、《奇珍揽胜》、《吴江南社》、《白蕉手迹鉴赏》、《南社书坛点将录》等专著、编著20多本,约600万字。

 

Lee Haimin Profile

 

Lee Haimin. Pen name: Lee Zhan, Southern Goose, the Hovel Watcher. Mr. Lee was born in Lili Ancient Town in 1947.

 

Mr Lee was a teacher for more than 20 years, and he began work in Liu Yazi Memorial Museum in 1994. A few years later, he became the curator and the director of the Institute of Cultural Relics Protection in Lili Ancient Town, and was appointed as an associate researcher. He is also employed as a researcher by the Nanshe Research Center.

 

Mr. Lee specializes in ancient towns South of the Changjiang River, the culture of Nanshe, painting and calligraphy, and he is also a prose writer.

 

He retired in September 2007. In 2011, he was hired by the Lili Ancient Town Protection and Development Management Committee as a consultant, and he is also a consultant for Liu Yazi Memorial Museum and Lili Tourism Company.

 

Mr. Lee has published more than 20 books with about 6 million words, such as Liu Yazi, Ancient Town Lili, Treasure Are in Sight, Nan She of Wujiang, Appreciation of White Banana Script, and Nanshe Member Review.