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“凡治人之道,莫急于礼。礼有五经,莫重于祭。”
---《礼记·祭统》
西汉,公元80年出版
自西周始,吉礼便是五礼之首。而吉礼,是祭祀天地鬼神的仪式。本来帝王、诸侯和士大夫才有资格建庙立祠,老百姓只能在居室内祭祀祖先。南宋时朱熹设定每个家族都应有一个祠堂祭祀高、曾、祖、禰四世的制度,但直到明代嘉靖帝的“许民间皆联宗立庙”方让各地祠堂如雨后春笋冒出来。
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由散居数县的族众筹资建成的家祠为“统宗祠”;“支祠”是分支分房为各自的支祖而立;而“家祠”是每个家庭用来祭祀自己的直系祖先的。
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神主牌对祠堂来说相当重要。这块带木座的长木牌上写着祖先的名讳、生卒年月等资料,并以“左昭右穆”的次序排在居中的始祖两边——始祖以下一、三、五等奇数代是“昭”;二、四、六等偶数代则为“穆”。列祖列宗,如雁序排开默默关注守护着他们的子孙后代。
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神主牌
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祭祀前,会有专人向族众“读谱”,宣读家法。祀礼后,多会在祠堂中设宴,称为“享胙”或“饮胙”。除了尊卑老幼的座次有严格规定,有时连菜肴酒水都有明文规格。宴席结束会向族人分发胙肉、馒头等物,是为“散胙”或“散福”。
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砖雕中的祭祀祖先景象
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除了作为议事、审判,族中子弟举行婚、丧、寿、喜等事的场地,祠堂也会借出地方,开设义学义塾。要是有族人外出求学考试,甚至会从祠田族产中拨出一定金额提供补助和奖励,为求他们光宗耀祖,提升整个家族的声望。
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祠堂,曾是一个家族文化、历史、传承和生活的核心枢纽。