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好文转载 | 李海珉老师说六悦匾额一

Explanation of Three Plaques in Six Arts Museum

· About Six Arts,传统艺术,关于六悦,Ancient Arts

六悦博物馆馆藏丰富,规模宏大,一万八千平的展馆内展示着四万多件传统艺术品。

李海珉老师多次到访六悦博物馆,对馆藏进行深入探究,为六悦博物馆的馆藏编写介绍,近来将匾额研究作为一个专题,将持续在“黎川四季歌”公众号上连载,“六悦博物馆”公众号也将第一时间进行转载,期待您的关注!

在此感谢李海珉老师的研究编写,章治平老师的照片拍摄以及徐薇老师的推文编辑。很抱歉以下文字仅展示中文。

 

Six Arts Museum has a rich collection of folk art pieces. It’s gallery exhibition area exceeds 18,000 sqm, and it displays more than 40,000 ancient folk art pieces.

Mr. Lee Haimin has been to Six Arts Museum many times. He has studied and written about a number of the museum’s pieces. Mr. Lee recently began to study the museum’s plaques, and he will share his research on his WeChat official account from time to time.

Thanks to writer Lee Haimin, photographer Zhang Zhiping, and post editor Xu Wei. We apologize that the following post is written only in Chinese.

 

六悦博物馆匾额文史探源:“达尊有二”与“达德有二”

六悦博物馆有一块匾额,光绪三年(公元1877)农历十月所立,正中方方正正的“达尊有二”四个大字,上款:“汪府为万英姻翁八旬荣诞”,下款“大清光绪丁丑孟冬月吉立”。

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达尊,语出《孟子•公孙丑下》:“天下有达尊三:爵一,齿一,德一”。爵指官爵,齿指年龄,德是道德品质,这三类人,受到社会普遍尊重。

万英是受匾人,赠匾者姓汪,称万英为姻翁,应该是万英的儿女亲家。此匾拟得颇有分寸。守望庐主曾听黎里宿儒传言,说某家祠堂内,儿孙为一位长辈,悬挂起一块“达尊有三”的匾,结果遭到不少非议。你想,官位、长寿、品德三者占全,难免自夸厚颜之讥。当然,那匾上的先辈,进了祠堂,已经作古,不是这个先辈自夸,而是他的后代拔高先辈,炫耀自身,受到非议。

六悦博物馆这块匾额,上款有“万英翁八旬荣诞”,万英年龄已经80岁了,尊称为“翁”,年高长寿是不消说的了。至于爵与德,万英占的那一样,匾文没有明说,任凭乡里父老评述。即使万英有一定的官爵,也有相当的品德,赠匾人出于谦逊、恭敬之心,只取达尊有二,决不达尊有三。

六悦博物馆还有一块类似的匾额,中间的文字是“达德有二”,上款:“恭贺集贾老兄大人恩赐耆民荣禧”;下款:“亲友乡眷 人等仝拜 口口 年庚戌辰月初二日谷旦”。

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达德,出于《礼记•中庸》:“知、仁、勇三者,天下之达德也。”《礼记》是孔子七十二弟子及其学生所作,西汉礼学家戴圣编辑成书。知,就是智慧,拥有相当的知识水平,还包括求知的方法,理性的思维方式。仁,仁的本意是友爱、互助、同情,孔子多次说:仁者爱人,拿现代的话来说,就是善良有大爱之心。有了智慧,有了爱心,还要勇敢。中国古人有言:有勇无谋,匹夫也;有智无勇,懦夫也。在关键时刻,智勇双全者才能挺身而出。

那位集贾是受匾者,赠匾人有他的亲友、乡眷,下面还附有“人等”二字,好大一个群体。赠匾前夕,估计在庚戌,即道光三十年(1850)或者前一年,朝廷恩赐集贾为“耆民”,就是年高而有硕德之民。

同样道理,集贾的亲友和乡眷,出于谦虚礼让,没有赞誉他知、仁、勇三者俱全,而是赞誉他拥有其中二者。

顺带说说耆民,以及清代对耆民的褒奖。耆民,清代一般敬称“耆英”,也称“耆宾”,必须由封建皇权恩赐。这里需要一个过程,由县、府向朝廷上报,经过逐级评定,最后由朝廷确定而恩赐。六悦博物馆有一块福建古田县征集到的匾额,可以看出其中的某些过程。

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匾文“瑞世耆英”, “特授古田县儒学正堂李汉清为 耆宾陈奇生立 光绪丙申腊月吉日 给”。

耆宾是陈奇生,匾文褒扬他为“耆英”,最后匾额由古田县教谕,相当于现在的县教育局长李汉清制作,时间是1896年12月。封建时代等级森严,尽管陈奇生知、仁、勇三者至少拥有了二者,但是毕竟至多是个秀才,属于平民阶层。李汉清身为古田县儒学正印官,在此又代表皇权,因此不用“赠”,更不得用“奉”,而是用了一个“给”,交付的意思。就此一字,封建社会的尊卑有别,壁垒分明。

李海珉老师简介

 

李海珉,字龙石,笔名李展、南雁、守望庐主,1947年生于吴江黎里。

 

当了20多年中学教师,1994年调入柳亚子纪念馆,后任馆长兼黎里文保所长,被评为副研究员,中国南社研究中心聘为研究员。

 

主攻江南古镇、南社文化和书画文物研究,也撰写散文随笔。

 

2007年9月退休,2011年黎里古镇保护开发管理委员会聘为顾问,兼柳亚子纪念馆、黎里旅游公司顾问。

 

出版《柳亚子》、《古镇黎里》、《奇珍揽胜》、《吴江南社》、《白蕉手迹鉴赏》、《南社书坛点将录》等专著、编著20多本,约600万字。

 

Lee Haimin Profile

 

Lee Haimin. Pen name: Lee Zhan, Southern Goose, the Hovel Watcher. Mr. Lee was born in Lili Ancient Town in 1947.

 

Mr Lee was a teacher for more than 20 years, and he began work in Liu Yazi Memorial Museum in 1994. A few years later, he became the curator and the director of the Institute of Cultural Relics Protection in Lili Ancient Town, and was appointed as an associate researcher. He is also employed as a researcher by the Nanshe Research Center.

 

Mr. Lee specializes in ancient towns South of the Changjiang River, the culture of Nanshe, painting and calligraphy, and he is also a prose writer.

 

He retired in September 2007. In 2011, he was hired by the Lili Ancient Town Protection and Development Management Committee as a consultant, and he is also a consultant for Liu Yazi Memorial Museum and Lili Tourism Company.

 

Mr. Lee has published more than 20 books with about 6 million words, such as Liu Yazi, Ancient Town Lili, Treasure Are in Sight, Nan She of Wujiang, Appreciation of White Banana Script, and Nanshe Member Review.